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In March 2007, BELDEN, known for manufacturing cables and wiring systems, acquired HIRSCHMANN, a provider of industrial networking solutions, for a cash price of approximately US$260 million. Big Surprise: A company that originally only did business on the physical layer acquired a leading company in today's industry network, which is enough to refocus on the ISO layer, which is also the most overlooked layer: the physical layer.

Being in the physical layer of OSI's Industrial Ethernet, it specifies the activation, the maintenance, and termination of communication The mechanical characteristics, electrical characteristics, functional characteristics and process characteristics between the end pointand. This layer provides a physical data transmission medium for the data link layer protocol. This layer is ignored because it is relatively simple. Therefore, in this article, we will focus on the physical layer of industrial Ethernet, some special technologies that have been adopted to meet the requirements of the industrial environment and systems, and the changes in the physical layer of industrial networks in the future.

In fact, Ethernet technology has been around for almost three decades, during which time it has become half - duplex, based on the technology of media sharing, has been improved and optimized many times. Especially since 1994, thanks to the adoption of 10/100BASE-T technology, Ethernet has distinguished itself from the network operating systems such as ATM, FDDI and TOKEN RING, and has become a network for LAN (ocal area network) and WAN (wide area network ) network market, the expandedThis standard for commercial applications becomes a high-bandwidth, high-speed network technology. After industrialized application, Ethernet can still be considered as a very effective network, but the premise is that a group of effective technologies is selected for combined application from the many technologies accumulated in the evolution of Ethernet over the years.

The physical layer of the industrial network mainly includes industrial network wiring (wiring), network topology, and front end device with NIC (Network Controller). In addition, this article will not repeat the details known to industrial automation engineers, such as cable media and connectors in the wiring system., only discussing industrial network wiring (wiring), network topology and working mechanism of front-end equipment with NIC (network controller).

1. About the Industry Network Wiring

physical layer The cabling system of the network must include two cabling system of wired network and wireless network. Only the cabling system of wired industrial network is described here for now.

The main difference between industrial Ethernet and commercial network physical layer wiring lies in the wiring objects and wiring environment different. Among them, there are many studies of the industrial network wiring environment, so I will not go into details here.

wiringsobject
The commercial network cabling system was well defined by AT&T (now AVAYA's predecessor) in 1991.
Commercial cabling system is a network cabling system for buildings or buildings.

It connects voice and data communication equipment, switching equipment and other information management systems. These devices are also connected with external communication networks. It includes all cables and associated wiring components between the connection point on the building to the outside network or switchboard line and the voice or data terminal in the work area. A system serving a building or group of buildings on a campus layout does not include the network facilities of the telephone exchange, nor switching devices connected to the cabling system, such as telefexchanges, packet switching equipment or the terminal equipment itself. A cabling system consists of a wide variety of components, including: transmission media, line management hardware, connectors, receptacles, plugs, adapters, transmission electronics, electrical protection devices, and supporting hardware. These components are used to build several subsystems, each with its own specific purpose, which is not only easy to implement, but also allows for a smooth transition to enhanced cabling technology as communication needs change. A well-designed cabling system is somewhat independent of the equipment it serves and can connect many different communication devices, such as data terminals, analog and digital telephones, personal computers and mainframes, and public system devices.

To pay attention to and the future of the physicalto predict the layer of industrial Ethernet, you must study Ethernet The physical layer system of the network; to study the Ethernet physical layer wiring system, it must start from AVAYA's SYSTIMAX PDS system.

SYSTIMAX PDS System
The general building wiring system can be divided into 6 subsystems:
* working area subsystem
* Horizontal Wiring Subsystem
* Trunk Subsystem

* between equipment and system
* Management Subsystem
*Building complex subsystem
The different needs of communication and data processing systems determine the subsystem needed. In theory, a large communications system may need to integrate all of the above subsystems with copper media and fiber media components.

workspace subsystem
The working wiring subsystem consists of the link (or cable) connecting the terminal equipment to the information terminal. Some form of transmission electronics may be required for terminal equipment and I/O connections, but this equipment is not part of the stage subsystem. For example, limited-distance modems can provide compatibility between terminals and other equipment. Delivers the requirementconversion signal for longer transmission and transmission distance. Limited range modems do not need internal security lines, but general modems have internal security lines

Subsystem management
The management subsystem consists of cross connects, interconnects and I/O. Management points provide connectivity for connecting other subsystems. Cross connects and interconnects allow you to communicate Locate or move to different parts of the building for easier management of communication lines. I/O locations are located in user workspaces and other rooms, making it easy to connect and disconnect when moving terminal equipment.
Cross connects allow you to connect the communication line on the cable to one end to the line on the cable that ends at the other end of the device. A jumper wire is a very short single wire that connects the ends of two wires in a crossover connection; a plug-in wire contains multiple wires with a connector on the end of each wire. Plug-in threads provide an easy way to rearrange threads and require no special tools for installing jumper threads.
Interconnection achieves the same goal as a cross connect, but instead of using jumper wires or plug-in wires, only wires with met using plugs, sockets and adapters. Both interconnects and cross-connects are used for optical cables. Fiber optic cross-connect requirements Use a fiber optic connection cord - a short fiber optic cable with optical connectors on both ends.
Arrange and manage communication lines according to the wiring that matches the position of the terminal equipment Depending on changing needs, patch cords can be used in different cross connects, but trunk cross connects, cable cross connects and trunk wiring boxes usually install cross connect hardware with plug-in cables.
In the satellite wiring area, such as the wiring area installed on the wall, the cross-connection does not need to enter the line, because the line is often through in a large wiring system. In the above position, the cross-connect is often the transition point of the large cable from the trunk subsystem to the small horizontal cable connected to the I/O. This type of feed through is generally not used when the line is re-mapped Cross-connect.

main subsystem
The trunk subsystem is part of the integrated wiring system of the entire building. ​​It handles the routing of the trunk (power) cables of the building. It is usually located between two units, especially in. Located on the common system equipment at a central point, providing multiple line facilities. The subsystem consists of all wiring cables, or a combination of wire and fiber cables and associated supporting hardware to connect this fiber cable to other locations. Transmission media can be internal cables run vertically between floors of a multi-story building or from large units such as computer rooms or equipment rooms and other main wiring.
To communicate with other buildings in the building, the trunk subsystem connects the main lines and cabling intersections between the equipment and the facilities between the buildings to form the building group subsystem .
To provide communication capability with the external network, the trunk subsystem connects the trunk line cross-connect point and the network interface (part of the network facility used by the switchboard is supplied).Network interface is usually placed in the equipment room Adjacent rooms.The network interface draws the line between these facilities and the generic cabling systembuilding name.

Building group subsystem
Building complex subsystem extends cables in a building To the communication equipment and devices of other building reeds in the building group It is part of the entire wiring system (including transmission media) and supports the hardware required to provide communication facilities between buildings, including wire cables , optical cableels and prevention The overvoltage of the cable enters the electrical protection equipment of the building.

device wiring subsystem
The equipment cabling subsystem consists of cables, connectors, and associated supporting hardware in the equipment room, which connects different equipment of the shared system. This subsystem connects trunk cross-connects and cross-wires common system equipment such as PBXs. This subsystem also includes conductors in equipment rooms and adjacent units such as building entrance areas. These conductors connect equipment or lightning protection to an effective building ground according to the National Electrical Code (NEC).

Industrial Wiring System

Industrial Ethernet The cabling sysThe network's system is wired for industrial automation objects, such as FA (factory automation) and PA (process control automation). It is partly the same as the cabling system defined by AVAYA, there are also significant differences.
IOANA recommended industrial wiring defined by EN50173 and ISO/IEC11801 in the "Planning and Installation Guide" published October 2003 System