Summary of the Martindale abrasion tester for measuring the abrasion resistance of fabrics

Abrasion resistance is an important indicator of the quality of textile products. It directly affects the durability and use effect of the product. Refers specifically to the characteristics of resistance to wear between fabrics or other fabrics in the process of repeated friction. The wear of textile products is mainly reflected in the following five aspects:
(1) Continuous collision between fibers during the friction process. Fragments of fibers in the yarn break due to fatigue damage, resulting in yarn breakage.
(2) The fibers are pulled out of the fabric, resulting in loosening of the yarn and structure of the fabric, and the fibers can be fully pulled out under repeated action, resulting in thinner yarns. The fabric becomes thinner or even falls apart.
(3) The fiber is cut and broken, causing the yarn to break.
(4) The surface of the fiber is worn and the surface layer of the fiberbroken and lost. (5) Friction generates high temperatures, causing the fiber to melt or plastically deform, which affects the structure and mechanical properties of the fiber.
Abrasion is reflected in the morphological changes of the fabric, which are mainly damage, loss of quality, appearance discoloration, pilling and other changes.
There are many methods to test the abrasion resistance of textile products, such as surface grinding, curved grinding, hem grinding and composite grinding. The Martindale method is a type of surface grinding method. It is widely used in testing the abrasion resistance of clothing, home textiles, decorative fabrics and upholstery fabrics.

1 Introduction of the Standard System
1.1 International Standard
ISO 12947.2—1998 Determination of the Abrasion Resistance of Textiles by Martindale Method for Textile No. 2 Part: Determination of Sample Damage : ISO 12947-3-1998 Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics bythe Martindale method for textiles Part 3: Determination of mass loss: ISO 12947-4-1998 Textile determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 4: Evaluation of Appearance Changes.
1.2 American Society for Materials (ASTM) Standard
ASTM D4966- 2010 Fabric Abrasion Test Martindale Abrasion Tester
1.3 European Standard
ENISO 12947-2:1998 Determination of Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics by Martindale Method of Textiles Part 2: Determination of Sample Damage ENISO12947-3:1998 Martin for Textiles Dyer (Martindale) method for measuring abrasion resistance of fabrics part 3: measuring mass loss ;ale) method for determining abrasion resistance of substances - Part 4: Evaluation of changes in appearance.
1.4 Standard of the German Standardization Institute (DIN)
DIN EN ISO12947-2-2007 Determination of abrasion resistance of textile fibers according to the Martens method - Part 2: Determination of test destruction: DIN ENI ISO12947-3- 2007 Determination of abrasion resistance of textiles by the Martens method - Part 3: Determination of mass loss: DIN ENISO 12947-7-2007 Determination of abrasion resistance of textiles by the Martindale method - Part 4: Evaluation of appearance changes .
1.5 British Standards Institution (BS) Standard
BISO 12947.2-1998 Determination of abrasion resistance of fabric by Martindale method for textiles, part 2: damage to samples br/>Determination: BISO 12947.3 -1998 Determination of Abrasion Resistance of Textiles by Martindale (Martindale) Method Part 3: Determination of Mass Loss: BSEN ISO 12947.4-1999 Determination of Resistance of Textile Fabric by Martindale Method Part 4: Evaluation of Appearance Changes.
1.6 Chinese National Standard GB/T 21196.2-20O7 Determination of Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics by Martindale Method Part 2: Determination of Sample Breakage; GB/T 21196. 3— 2007 Determination of Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics by Martindale Method for Textiles Part 3: Determination of Mass Loss; Beeel of abrasion resistance - Part 4: Evaluation of changes in appearance.
The standard given above is the standard for the test of abrasion resistance of fabrics - Martindale method, issued by several influential international standardization organizations. Among them, the EU standards, DIN standards and British Standards Institution standards all adopt ISO standards. Chinas national standard revision adopts the ISO standard. The detection method is basically the same as the ISO standard, but the scope of the standard has the coated fabric magnifies and focuses on the detection of the coated fabric. Add corresponding coated fabric damages, friction. Load parameters, standard abrasives, and standard abrasive replacement requirements. The American Society for Materials Standard ASTMD4966-2010 Martindale Abrasion Tester for Fabric Abrasion Test consists of two parts: the requirements for the test method for abrasion resistance, the prespriften for the Martindale Abrasion Tester and auxiliary materials, and the test method is in accordance with international standards Standard ISO 12947.2~4 of the standardization organization is basically the same, but slightly different from the standard ISO12947.3~4 of the international standardization organization for measurement of mass loss and the evaluation of appearance change. It is simpler in terms of test endpoint conditions and expression of test results.

2 Evaluation method of abrasion resistance of fabrics
Preconditions for determining sample damage are: at least two independent yarns are completely broken in woven fabrics; one yarn is broken in knitted fabrics. Gaps in appearance are caused; the fluff on the surface of the pile or cut pile fabric is carried to the bottom or the tufts fall off; the non-woven fabric has holes due to friction, and the diameter is ≥ 0.5mm; the coating portion of the coated fabric is damaged. The base fabric is visible or the flaking coating has peeled off. The abrasion resistance of fabrics is generally analyzed and evaluated from three aspects: the measurement of sample damage, the measurement of mass loss, and the evaluation of appearance changes.
1) Determination of sample damage: under a certain load. The sample in the fixture rubs against the abrasive with the path of the movement of the Lissajous curve plane, and the abrasion resistance of the fabric is determined by the total number of rubs when the sample is damaged.
2) Determination of mass loss: Under a certain load, the sample in the armature rubs against the abrasive with the path of the movement of the Lissajous curve plane. When the sample is rubbed a certain number of times, the mass difference before and after rubbing is used to determine the resistance of grinding performance.
3) Evaluation of external veRandering: Under a certain load, the sample in the armature rubs against the abrasive with the path of the movement of the Lissajous curve plane. The abrasion resistance of the fabric was determined by the change in the appearance of the sample before and after rubbing.

3 Summary of test methods for abrasion resistance of textiles
3.1 Determination of sample damage This method is applicable to all textile fabrics. But not for fabrics with a short lifespan.
(1) Selection of abrasives. Choose different standard abrasives according to the characteristics of the sample. Uncoated fabric: woven plain woolen fabric; coated fabric: No. 600 grit sandpaper. The abrasive material and the grinding table are separated by wool felt. After the test, check the surface of the felt, if there are stains or if it is worn, it should be replaced in time.
(2) Sampling method. Minimum 3 pieces. Woven fabric must have different warp and weft yarnscontain. The jacquard fabric or fantasy binding must contain all the characteristic parts of a complete binding. If a complete binding or pattern is large, each part can be sampled separately.
(3) Selection of example clamping liner. Measure the mass per unit area of ​​the sample, the area unit of the sample is ≥500g/m2, no need foam plastic liner, the unit area of ​​the sample is <500g/m2, add a foam plastic liner in the sample holder, replace the foam for each test Plastic liner.
(4) Selection of total effective mass friction load. The total effective mass of the frictional load includes the mass of the container, the stainless steel disc and the weight of the sample. According to the technical parameters of the Atlas M235Martindale tester for abrasion resistance and pilling. Mass of container: (200 ± 1) g Mass of stainless steel disc: (260 ± 1) g Mass of sample weight: (395 ± 2) g (594 ± 2) gr. According to itselect the use of the sample the fabric characteristics the corresponding friction load There are three kinds of total effective mass: 1) (795 ± 7) g: suitable for workwear, upholstery fabrics, bedding products, industrial fabrics : 2) (595±7) g: suitable for clothing and home textiles (upholstery, bedding products), non-clothing coated fabrics; 3) (198±2)g: coated fabrics suitable for clothing. (5) Abrasive replacement cycle wool standard fabric: 50000 times; standard water sandpaper: 6000 times.
(6) Inspection Interval Estimate the number of friction occurrences when the sample breaks and design an appropriate inspection interval based on that as an observation point for the wear condition of the sample surface during the samples wear resistance test. The inspection interval is a certain number of frictions.
(7) The measurement result indicates the total number of times of friction when each sample is damaged, and the number of times of friction thatbuilt up before the sample is damaged is taken as the number of times wear resistance.
3.2 ​​​​​​Determination of mass loss
Applicable to all textile materials, but not suitable for short-life fabrics. The selection of the abrasive, the sampling method, the selection of the sample attachment liner, the selection of the friction load, the total effective mass and the replacement cycle of the abrasive are consistent with the determination method of sample damage. The description is not repeated here.
(1) Inspection interval
Design a suitable inspection interval. As abrasion resistance test, the surface of the sample is worn State observation point, control interval is a certain number of times of friction. During the test, according to the set inspection interval. Check the wear of the sample if it is damaged or reaches the specified friction times. The trial is over. The measurement of massa loss is divided into two cases: the first case is to measure the difference Am between the mass of the sample before the test and the mass of the test sample after the wear test at each inspection interval: the second case. When the sample reaches the wear point, measure the difference Am between the mass of the sample before the test and the mass of the test sample after the wear test.
(2) Test results
Use the measurement of fabric abrasion resistance - the measurement method of mass loss. The test results include the following data: 1) the measured mass loss Am when reaching each inspection interval, 2) the mass loss Am when the sample reaches the wear point, that is, the test reaches the end point: 3) mass loss A171, the graph of the relationship curve with the number of frictions 4) Abrasion resistance index (times/g), the calculation formula is: Ai=N/Am |Ⅳ_one is the total number of frictions.
3_3 Change of appearance quality
Measurement ofthe wear resistance of the fabric: the method of changing the appearance quality is suitable for short-life textile fabrics. The selection of abrasives, sampling method, selection of sample attachments and liners are consistent with the method of determining the damage of dust samples. The description is not repeated here.
(1) Total effective mass of frictional load (198±2)g
(2) Abrasive replacement cycle: replace new styrofoam and standard abrasive for each test;
(3) Evaluation test Requirements for modification of the appearance of samples:
1) Abrasion resistance test for the surface change specified in the agreement, the number of rubs is used as the measured value of abrasion resistance. Design appropriate inspection intervals. As an observation point for changes in the appearance of the sample.
2) Wear test up to the number of friction moments specified in the agreement. Verandsurface variations of the sample were assessed by comparison with an untested sample of the same substance.
(4) Test Results: Surface changes include discoloration, fuzzing and pilling. If the end point of the abrasion resistance test is to achieve the surface change specified in the agreement, the inspection agreement will specify the degree of discoloration, pilling and pilling on the surface of the sample, and the test results will use the sample to meet the levels of discoloration, pilling and pilling specified in the inspection agreement. The number of frictions at the level of pilling is expressed. If the end point of the wear test is the number of rubs specified in the agreement. The test result is that the specified number of rubs is reached after the wear test. After testing, compare the sample with the original and evaluate the degree of discoloration, pilling, and pillingn the sample after the test, and use the degree of discoloration, fluffing and pilling of the sample after the test to determine the change in appearance quality.

4 Conclusion
The above is a systematic introduction to the method-standard system for determining the abrasion resistance of Martindale fabrics, pointing out that European standards, German standards, American Association for Materials- standards The relationship between the Chinese standard and the international standard ISO is the relationship of equivalent acceptance or modified acceptance. There are three methods of measuring the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method: the sample damage test method, the mass loss test method, and the appearance quality change method. The most commonly used of the three methods is the monster damage method, which contains a small flaw. The test results are intuitive and clear. The wear resistance of different fabrics is easy to compareand is widely used in clothing products and decorative fabrics. The measurement method of mass loss and the method of changing the appearance quality are relatively complicated to express the test results, but they can reflect the wear resistance of the sample in different friction stages. Analysis of the use of substances in manufacturing companies or scientific research institutions. Has strong practicability. This document is based on my countrys national standard GB/T 21196.2-4-2007. This article summarizes the main contents of the three methods of measuring the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method, in the hope of helping textile quality inspectors understand and apply the Martindale method of detecting the abrasion resistance of fabrics.

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